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According to the forecast of IMS Research, a market research company, the annual growth rate of European industrial image processing market will reach 6% in the next few years. Among them, the market share of intelligent solutions integrating software functions in cameras will continue to expand. In Germany, according to the data provided by the National Association of Machine Tool Suppliers VDMA, the growth rate of the image processing market in 2004 reached 14%. Market research company In-Stat/MDR also pointed out that in the secondary market for image sensors, its annual growth rate will reach more than 30%, and this situation will continue until 2008. The most important is that the growth rate of CMOS sensors will reach seven times that of CCD sensors, and the rapid proliferation of camera phones and digital cameras is the main driving factor for this demand.
Obviously, people are optimistic about the growth prospects of CMOS image converters based on the fact that, compared with CCD technology that has monopolized the field for more than 30 years, it can better meet users' requirements for new types of image sensors in various applications. Improved quality requirements such as more flexible image capture, higher sensitivity, wider dynamic range, higher resolution, lower power consumption, and better system integration. In addition, CMOS image converters have created novel applications that have not yet been implemented in an economical way. In addition, there are some “soft†standards that work in favor of CMOS sensors, including: application support, radiation resistance, shutter type, windowing, and spectral coverage. However, this distinction is somewhat arbitrary, because the importance of these standards will vary depending on the application (consumption, industry, or automobile).
The problems faced in detail performance
Just as we learned from analog photography, it's quite common to take a picture of a complete scene. The same is true for camera phones. However, for industrial or automotive applications, the situation is quite different: In some cases, high full-frame data rates are not required. For example, in a surveillance camera, as long as it can detect changes in a scene (because this change may indicate something suspicious), then a lower resolution is perfectly acceptable. On this basis, it is necessary to use the full resolution to collect more detailed information. The actions that follow will only be played in a certain part of the camera's field of view, and only those parts of the captured scene will be of interest to the monitor.
For CCD image sensors that only provide full-frame images, only using a separate evaluation circuit can provide two observation angles, which means increased processing time and cost. However, the working principle of the CMOS image sensor is similar to that of the RAM, and all memory bits can be read out individually. Although the secondary sampling of the CMOS sensor provides a lower resolution, the frame rate is higher, and the open window allows a random selection of a region of interest.
CMOS sensor with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and low power consumption
One of the prerequisites for the wide availability of the latest CMOS sensors is their higher sensitivity, shorter exposure times, and increasingly smaller pixel sizes. One measure of pixel sensitivity is the product of the fill factor (the ratio of light-sensing area to the entire pixel area) and quantum efficiency (the number of electrons generated by the photons that strike the screen). CCD sensors have a large fill factor due to the inherent characteristics of their technology. In a CMOS image sensor, in order to achieve a noise level and sensitivity level comparable to that of a CCD converter, a CMOS image sensor is equipped with an active pixel sensor (APS), and the fill factor is reduced because the pixel surface is equivalent. A large portion of the area is occupied by the amplifier transistors, leaving less room for the photodiode. Therefore, an important development goal of today's CMOS sensors is to increase the fill factor. With its patent-pending technology, FillFactory can significantly increase the fill factor, a technology that can convert the largest part of a standard CMOS silicon chip into a photosensitive area.
In addition, for a typical industrial image sensor, since many scenes are taken under poor lighting conditions, it would be beneficial to have a large dynamic range. The CMOS image sensor achieves this goal through multi-slope operation: the conversion curve consists of straight sections with different inclinations, which together form a non-linear characteristic curve. Therefore, the dark part of a scene may occupy a large part of the conversion range of the integrated analog-to-digital converter: The conversion characteristic curve is steepest here for high sensitivity and contrast. The flattening of the upper half of the characteristic curve will capture several orders of magnitude of overexposure in the bright part of the image and represent them on a more detailed scale. Operating the LUPA-4000 in a multi-slope manner will match the optical dynamic range up to 90dB with a 10-bit A/D conversion range.
IM-001 series CMOS image sensors with VGA resolution go a step further; they are designed specifically for automotive applications. Its pixels consist of photodiodes that provide up to 120dB of adaptive dynamic range. These sensors are used in the ACM100 camera module for automotive applications. This camera module is said to be the first commercially available fully integrated camera solution in its class: this vision solution is seen as facing the driver protection, collision avoidance, and night The key components of future car safety systems that are supported by support and tire tracking.
In addition, CMOS technology known for its low power consumption has a distinct advantage for grid-independent portable applications: CMOS image sensors are designed for 5V and 3.3V supply voltages. The CCD chip requires a power supply voltage of about 12V, so a voltage converter has to be used, resulting in increased power consumption. In terms of total power consumption, integrating control and system functions into a CMOS sensor will bring another benefit: It removes all external connections to other semiconductor components. Its high-power drivers are now deprecated because the energy consumed to communicate within the chip is much lower than the external implementation through a PCB or substrate.
Expanding spectral sensitivity and increasing resolution is a major trend
In modern CMOS image sensors, an important development trend is that its spectral sensitivity extends to the near-infrared region NIR (to a wavelength of about 1,100 nm). Automotive applications equipped with IM-001 CMOS image sensors will improve fog penetration and night vision capabilities. As industrial image capture technology begins to use more light sources with wavelengths in the NIR, and biotechnology is also using interesting phenomena in this spectral region, the newly developed IBIS5-AE-1300 sensor has a NIR sensitivity of 700-900 nm.
In the image capture technology for consumer applications, another trend is to continue to increase the resolution. By mid-2005, about 70% of cell phone cameras had a VGA format resolution (640×480 pixels); but then in 2006, several million pixels of sensors will occupy 50% of the market, and by 2008 Its market share is expected to further increase to over 90%. To this end, Cypress has developed a 3-megapixel image sensor for cellular phones that uses Autobrite technology to perform 12-bit analog/digital conversion and provides a wide dynamic range of 72dB, and currently The 10-bit analog/digital converter on the market has a dynamic range of only 60dB. The frame rate in progressive scan mode is up to 30 frames per second, allowing live video recording.
In the industrial and commercial fields, this trend is also evident: Cypress has introduced a 1.3-megapixel/35mm image sensor for Kodak digital cameras, and the 6.6-megapixel IBIS4-6600 sensor is A self-help aid for the visually impaired crowd proves its superior quality - it provides excellent resolution on a full standard A4 page.
System Integration with Technology Due to accelerated digital convergence of traditional discrete functional devices such as cellular phones, digital cameras, MP3 players, and PDAs (ie, becoming a compact consumer electronics product), people are increasingly expected to have at least partial autonomy. Sex subsystems can provide extremely broad functionality in a single device. This trend will also have an impact on professional measurement technology: With a portable inspection tool that includes a digital camera, PDA user interface, and WLAN networking capabilities, the scope of optical test and monitoring applications will be effectively expanded. As a platform technology, CMOS meets this trend: CCD image converters still require the use of external logic circuits for control and analog/digital conversion functions, while CMOS standard logic devices enable sensors, controllers, converters, and evaluations. Logic circuits, etc. are all integrated into one chip.
A typical example is an image capture circuit for a CYIWCSC1300AA chip that is specifically designed for demanding consumer applications. It is based on a 1.3-megapixel image sensor CYIWOSC1300AA and one for providing error interpolation, black level adjustment, lens correction, signal cross-talk correction, color mosaic repair, color correction, auto exposure, noise suppression, special effects and gamma correction and many more Functional additional signal processor. Integrating more system functions (up to autonomous photosensor systems) is feasible, depending on economic goals and constraints such as market capacity and development costs.
John Morse, a senior market analyst at IMS Research, pointed out: “The industrial image processing market has changed very quickly, not only at the technical level, but also involves the recent merger of manufacturers. We believe this trend will continue.†In this case, then the same applies to Cypress: By acquiring SMalCamera Technologies Inc., which was founded in MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 1999, Cypress has extended its business reach to the consumer and automotive sectors, and merged with FillFactory. (This is a company that was separated from IMEC, the famous European microelectronics and nanotechnology research center headquartered in Leuven, Belgium, in 1999), which made Cypress further into the industrial field.
The CMOS image sensor market is booming and will soon become a large-scale market. It still largely relies on customer-specific designs to meet a set of customization requirements in terms of specifications and system integration. However, it will increasingly provide universal standard solutions. Increases in resolution, frame rate, and sensitivity, as well as cost reductions, are continuing to expand its application area.
Today's CMOS image conversion technology not only serves “traditional†industrial image processing, but is also accepted by increasingly wide range of novel consumer applications with its superior performance and flexibility. In addition, it ensures high safety and comfort when driving a car. Initially, CMOS image sensors were applied to industrial image processing; it is still a crucial part of the new automation solutions that aim to increase productivity, quality and production process economics.