Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, have become more and more concerned about antibiotics, in the second meeting of the 12th National People's Congress in 2014 and the 12th National Committee of the CPPCC. At the second meeting of the committee, several participants called for the regulation of application management of antibiotics. The addition of feed antibiotics in the aquaculture industry is also controversial. Feed antibiotics are a class of antibiotics that are added to animal feed for long-term low-dose to prevent disease, improve nutrient metabolism, promote healthy growth of animals, and improve animal performance. Antibiotics and microbial resistance How do microbes develop resistance? How does resistance pass between microbes? Simply put, some genes of microorganisms are resistant. These drug resistance genes can be transmitted between microorganisms. At the same time, when animals infect microorganisms, if they are infected with drug resistance genes, they can be transmitted to other microorganisms infected by humans. Lead to changes in the latter gene. Antibiotics can cause microbial resistance? Dr. Howard, the chief operating officer of the Iowa Select Farm and the veterinary spokesperson of the American Pork Production Association, believes that, in general, long-term low-dose antibiotics pose a greater risk of drug resistance, rather than occasional treatment doses or controls. Used within the dosage. It depends mainly on the type of antibiotic used. Classification of several major feed antibiotics: Macrolides: mainly include guitarmycin, tylosin, spiramycin, erythromycin and oleandomycin. Among them, the guitarmycin is the only antibiotic that can be used for feed for a long time in the macrolides approved by the Ministry of Agriculture [2001] No. 20 document. Peptides: These antibiotics include zinc bacitracin, colistin sulfate, enramycin, virginiamycin, avomycin and thiopeptide, which have poor absorption, rapid excretion, no residue, and toxicity. Small, not easy to produce drug resistance, it is not easy to cross-resistance with human antibiotics. Phospholipids: These antibiotics include yellow phosphatidylcholine, big carbomycin, ketomycin, etc., which are hardly absorbed in the digestive tract, so there is no problem of drug residues, and they are suitable for use as a growth promoting additive. Tetracyclines: including oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, which are effective against most Gram-positive bacteria and have little effect on Gram-negative bacteria. The earliest antibiotics used in pig feed have caused much controversy due to the emergence of drug resistance. This type of antibiotic is not used as a feed additive in the EU and Japan. Polyethers: commonly used are monensin, salinomycin and maduramycin, animal-specific antibiotics, not easily absorbed by passive objects, no residue. Drug resistance, how countries respond to EU: From January 1, 2006, the use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal feed has been banned. UK: In 2013, the UK launched the Strategic Plan for Antibiotic Resistance, which was jointly published by the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs with the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive. The strategic plan proposes seven areas to focus on: improving prevention and control of infection methods; optimizing prescription practices; improving related education, training and public participation; developing new drugs, treatments and diagnostic methods; and better accessing and using monitoring tools; Better identify and optimize antibiotic resistance research needs; strengthen international cooperation. Canada: In November 2013, a veterinary consultant from Saskatchewan, Canada, said that the use of biological antibiotics in the current period has fallen sharply due to early diagnosis and the adoption of measures to prevent biological diseases in advance. France: The French National Food, Environment and Labor Hygiene Department issued a report calling for the reduction of the use of antibacterials in the livestock industry. It is also recommended to include the use of antibiotics in preventive medications, but to retain the latest generation of antibiotics (third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolone APIs) to clearly identify and tightly regulate various conditions while giving narrow Spectrum antibiotics priority. The French Food Safety Authority also said that it is necessary to encourage the development of relevant indicators to promote the more targeted use of antibiotics, especially by improving the antibacterial spectrum of veterinary use. US: Since 2010, the FDA has called for a gradual ban on the use of “antibiotics with important medical uses†in the livestock industry, and has issued industry guidance documents No. 209 and No. 213. On December 11, 2013, the FDA issued the “Final Edition†industry guidance document “Veterinary Feed Directiveâ€, requiring licensed veterinarians to supervise the use of antibiotics, including on-site testing, to write more detailed reports; farmers must first purchase antibiotics. Get a veterinarian's prescription; urge animal animal companies to revise the label voluntarily. The new label removes antibiotics. Instructions for promoting animal growth and improving feeding efficiency indicate that antibiotics can only be used under the supervision of a veterinarian and can only be used for treatment. Australia: Australia bans the addition of antibiotics as growth promoters, and Australian-derived animals do not have resistance problems. Where is feed antibiotics going? Can antibiotics be added to feed as a growth promoter? Feed antibiotics can be used. Professor Feng Dingyuan, an animal nutrition expert at South China Agricultural University, believes that there are many types of antibiotics, some of which are definitely affecting consumers, and residues cause drug resistance. However, not all antibiotics are not available. Some mild antibiotics can be added to the feed, which has a fast metabolism and a small residual chance. In addition, there are some antibiotics for growth, which make the intestinal wall thinner and make the nutrition easier to absorb. At present, the main problem of antibiotic use is abuse, excessive use of illegal substances, and it is recommended to use according to the types and doses of antibiotics allowed by the state. Of course, there are some controversial antibiotics that have not been carefully classified yet. This part needs further regulation. Professor Feng Dingyuan suggested standard use, first, follow the national entry; second, according to the dosage; third, follow the withdrawal period; fourth, no compatibility contraindications with other additives. People use antibiotics and veterinary antibiotics to manage the department. At the two sessions in 2014, the chairman of Sichuan Good Doctor Panxi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., said that to change the current problems in the antibiotic supervision in China, we must first reform the regulatory system and clarify the main body of responsibility. At present, China's antibiotic management is divided into two parts. The human antibiotics are administered by the State Food and Drug Administration, while the veterinary use is managed by the Ministry of Agriculture. Improve the quality of employees. Veterinarians and other practitioners regulate the use of antibiotics, control the use of non-prescription drugs for aquaculture, whether individuals or enterprises, generally lack of morality, strengthen the guidance and supervision of the use of antibiotics, strengthen research and development of alternatives to feed antibiotics, and gradually To reduce the use of antibiotics in the livestock , Development of alternative antibiotics for feed antibiotics. There are currently some new feed additives, such as oligosaccharides, prebiotics, acid preparations, enzyme preparations to replace antibiotics, the correct use of good vaccines and some reasonable drugs. For companies producing antibiotics, future development must be a dilemma. Due to the excessive negative coverage of some media, consumers are panicked and consumers are resistant to antibiotics. Economic animals are commodities, which must be adjusted according to the orientation of consumers. Some antibiotics can be used even if there is no harm, and they will certainly receive public pressure to withdraw from the stage. Although China has a vast territory, it is intensive in farming and has poor breeding conditions. If improper use of antibiotics in breeding, it will inevitably lead to higher breeding costs, more outbreaks of animals, and higher risk of breeding. Therefore, the use of antibiotics is bound to not be across the board. Antibiotic companies are advised to develop drugs in the direction of veterinary medicine, and do not aim at mass production of feed additives. Accuracy 0.1g-0.01g Electronic Scales Accuracy 0.1G-0.01G Electronic Scales,Pocket Scale,Scale For Body Weight,Hanging Vegetable Scale Shanghai Liuyuan Trading Co. , Ltd. , https://www.ly-weighing.com