The shale gas revolution has freed the United States from the oil crisis. In the 1970s, the global oil crisis caused the European and American economies to enter a period of stagflation. The price of crude oil more than ten times higher in the Middle East countries has caused the profits of American companies to fall sharply and inflation to rise sharply. This deterrent has no use. Through the shale gas revolution, the United States has basically achieved energy self-sufficiency. According to statistics, from 2008 to 2011, through the breakthrough of shale gas technology, the United States added 140 billion cubic meters of natural gas supply. The shale gas revolution has brought the United States into the era of low-cost manufacturing. The United States and Europe are creating smart manufacturing, from information control, IoT systems to robotic production. Even if labor prices in other countries are lower, they cannot stop the low-cost steps of the United States. Taking crude oil prices as an example, the US West Texas oil price is 15.88 US dollars lower than the British North Sea Brent oil price. The current crude oil price gap between the two places is close to 20 US dollars per barrel. In April of this year, the wholesale price of natural gas in the Henry Center in the United States was 1.89 US dollars / million BTU, while the price of the United Kingdom in the same period was 9 US dollars, Germany was 11 US dollars, the price of imported LNG in Japan was 16 US dollars, 8 times higher than the United States. Low-cost natural gas has also greatly reduced the cost of electricity. The average industrial electricity price in the United States in May was 6.57 cents/kWh, equivalent to 0.41 yuan/kWh, less than half of China's coastal industrial electricity price, less than 1/5 of Japan's industrial electricity price. The price of ethylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, PVC, etc. shipped from the United States to Chinese ports is one-third lower than the ex-factory price of Chinese factories. The chemical plants in the Middle East are also eclipsed by the United States. The low electricity prices have greatly lowered the prices of high-energy products such as electrolytic aluminum, electric furnace special steel and non-ferrous metallurgy. The new round of information revolution and energy revolution, coupled with the future manufacturing intelligence revolution, has once again made the United States a super empire. This is called: manpower is the primary productivity, and institutions are the second productivity. China's energy is still in an era dominated by coal. The higher the dependence on imported crude oil, the greater the resistance encountered on the transport lifeline. The crude oil maritime transport artery has formed a blocked mouth. Finally, after China’s water resources were put to the extreme, China’s coal and crude oil suffered from environmental constraints and turned their attention to shale gas. On September 10, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the second round of bidding for shale gas exploration rights. The bidding meeting scheduled for October 25 attracted 75 units, of which private enterprises accounted for 1/3. Nearly 100 companies participated in the second round of bidding for shale gas prospecting. These enterprises involved oil, electricity, coal, investment, real estate, machinery and equipment manufacturing and other industries, including almost all energy central enterprises and some large local state-owned energy enterprises. And some powerful private enterprises. In view of the huge investment amount and future risks, relevant departments have used the exploration and development of national resource investment shale gas. At the "Second Asian Shale Gas Summit (Shanghai) 2012", Jiang Xinmin, deputy director of the Energy Development and Development Strategy Research Center of the National Development and Reform Commission, said that the development of shale gas in China has brought about a very large investment demand, which is expected to reach 2020. In the year, the capital demand for gas drilling alone exceeded 400 billion yuan. In terms of pipe network construction, Jiang Xinmin said that at present, China's natural gas main pipeline is 49,000 kilometers, only about one tenth of the United States, and it still needs hundreds of billions of dollars in infrastructure investment. With the help of shale gas, energy monopoly breaks the ice. Zhang Dawei, director of the Mineral Resources Reserve Evaluation Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, proposed the “two-step†strategy for bidding: First, further explore and improve the competition mechanism in the bidding market, allowing private enterprises and Sino-foreign joint ventures to participate in shale gas that does not overlap with conventional oil and gas mineral rights. Block bidding (these blocks account for about 23% of the total shale gas area in the country); second, the prospecting rights for shale gas blocks overlapping with conventional oil and gas mineral rights will also be auctioned (about the national page) 77% of the total area of ​​rock gas). Overlapping blocks give priority to mining rights to several major oil companies. However, if they fail to meet the required exploration schedule within the stipulated time, the Ministry of Land and Resources will cancel their mining qualifications and conduct public bidding for these blocks. The bidding threshold has been reduced to a minimum: the second bidding has launched 20 blocks with a total area of ​​20002 square kilometers, distributed in 8 provinces (cities) of Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui and Henan, as long as it is China. A domestically-registered domestic-funded enterprise or a Chinese-controlled Sino-foreign joint venture with a registered capital of not less than RMB 300 million, as long as it has established a cooperative relationship with enterprises and institutions with oil and gas or gas mineral exploration qualifications, and possesses oil and gas or gas mineral exploration qualifications. , you can participate in the bidding. Establish clear rules of the game, establish environmental and interest protection mechanisms, establish a comprehensive market participation mechanism in the management network and supporting facilities to break the monopoly trap, and strictly restrict the transfer of risks to the enterprises. This is the focus of shale gas marketization. The weight.
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Abstract The shale gas revolution has freed the United States from the oil crisis. In the 1970s, the global oil crisis caused the European and American economies to enter a period of stagflation. The price of crude oil more than ten times higher in the Middle East countries has caused the profits of American companies to fall sharply and inflation to rise sharply. This deterrent...