Mine Emergency Rescue Self Defense Practical Application and Research

Coal energy is an important pillar of our national economy, and it is the basic driving force for ensuring stable social development. The data shows that China’s coal consumption accounted for 642% of primary energy consumption in 2014. Coal energy is still expected to dominate China’s energy consumption by 2050 , and the proportion of consumption is still above 50% . According to 2015 «BP World Energy Statistics Yearbook >> and government data released by the official website of 2014 China's coal output of 378.4 billion tons, by the end of 2014 the number of China's coal mine 11000, the number of coal production and coal mine more than other developed countries The sum of the numbers. However, the number of surface coal mines only accounted for 21% of the total coal mines in the country , and open-air coal production only accounted for 5% of the country's total coal output , which was far lower than that of other coal-producing countries. Despite the fact that China has vigorously promoted advanced safety technology and equipment and safety management measures in recent years, the coal mine safety situation has clearly improved. However, due to the deep burial of coal, complex geological conditions, and large distribution of gas wells in China, with the increase in the depth of mining, high-temperature mines have gradually increased and the pressure of mines has become increasingly prominent. Coal mine disasters still occur from time to time.

According to data published on the website of the State Administration of Work Safety, in 2014 the number of mine casualties 509, the death of 931 people, one million tons mortality in 0255. Although the coal mine safety situation in China has continued to improve for many years, compared with other coal-producing countries, the death rate of coal in China is still far higher than that of other coal-producing countries. The coal mine safety situation is still outstanding.

2 Emergency rescue is the "last line of defense"

After the catastrophic accident in the mine, the disaster personnel in the disaster area were rescued to enter the disaster area to deal with disasters such as underground fires, gas, coal dust, water, and roof panels. This will enable the mine to resume production as soon as possible, which is the main task of mine rescue. In completing the mine rescue and disaster relief mission, the mine rescue team pointed out that the combatants were the main force fighting in the front line. According to the data released by the National Emergency Rescue Command Center, from 2010 to 2014 , the national mine rescue team took part in 4,905 accident rescues , and rescued 5,874 people in distress , of whom 2,651 were rescued and rescued, which is a safety production and social harmony and stability in the coal industry in China. Made a great contribution. As of the end of 2014 , there were 578 full-time mine rescue teams across the country , including 7 national mine emergency rescue teams, 14 regional mine emergency rescue teams, 23 central mining emergency rescue teams, and 32,731 full-time evacuation combatants . Has a mine rescue team 2854 part-time, part-time ambulance crews 27868.

Mining is a high-risk industry, and mine rescue is a high-risk industry in high-risk industries. The rescue process has the characteristics of tight time, high risk, and many emergencies. The mine rescue work not only faces insecurity such as gas explosions, roof collapse, high fire temperature, flooded silt, harmful gas, equipment failure, and protection failure, but also faces illegal command, illegal operations, risk-taking, and self-defense. The unsafe behavior of others caused heavy mine rescue work. According to incomplete statistics, from the initial period of the establishment of the first batch of mine rescue teams in China in 1952 to 2010 , a total of 244 emergency mine rescue cases have occurred at the expense of mine rescue personnel in the country , and 517 rescue and rescue personnel have caused their own casualties in rescue and relief operations. Loss of accidents not only affects the handling of catastrophic accidents, but also causes extremely bad effects. In recent years, mine rescue workers itself casualties on the rise, especially in 2013 occurred "Eight Jilin Coal Industry '3.29', '4.1' accident rescue process in close fire zone caused by continuous gas explosion, resulting in 53 (of which including mine rescue officers and 26) rescue workers itself casualties, the ambulance crew is itself the largest number of casualties over the years since the accident rescue our country, the most painful lesson in the mine rescue in the history of our country, highlighting the urgent need to improve emergency rescue workers rescue their own defense The sense of safety, the urgent need to grasp the practical techniques of emergency defense and its own defense, fully embodies the urgency and necessity of emergency rescue of its own defense and practical technology in the emergency rescue scene.All mine rescue personnel, especially the rescue commander of the middle and small teams, must Do a good job in anticipation, must start the emergency rescue self-defense system as early as possible when the danger is coming, implement the entire defense of the dangerous rescue work, and eliminate the hidden danger in the bud state through self-defense means to achieve safe rescue, scientific rescue, and consolidation. People-oriented, safety first, life "Life is supreme" science rescue concept.

3 Status of mine self-defense in emergency rescue

3.1 Elaboration of Self-Defense in Emergency Rescue Emergency Rescue generally refers to the activities and plans for the prevention, preparation, response and recovery of sudden and destructive emergencies.

There are dangers in emergency rescue work. The emergency rescue work itself is a dangerous work. As a rescue commander, he must do his own defense work in the face of danger.

Emergency rescue self-defense refers to the awareness and behavior of emergency rescue personnel in their own emergency prevention, self-protection, and self-protection. Through the “self” active “defense” role, the budding and fermentation of risk factors are controlled to achieve safety production. Realize safe rescue and realize scientific rescue. The emergency rescue process should adhere to the scientific concept of “people-oriented, safety first, life supreme”, and it is incumbent on the responsibilities and responsibility of each evacuation commander to master the emergency rescue self-defense technology. According to the sequence of the rescue process, the rescue work is classified as follows : “Before rescue”, “Before rescue”, “Rescue”, and “After rescue”. The four processes are complementary and inseparable.

Emergency rescue self-defense should be carried through the entire process of emergency rescue, including the previous defense, the beginning of defense, the defense in and after the defense. "Before" defense is to prepare for a rainy day, ahead of expectations, defenses are developed before the formulation of the rescue plan, and self-defense integration schemes are formulated. "Before" defense is the premise and foundation of "the beginning" of defense ; "the beginning" of defense is The continuation of the “previous” defense is to eliminate unfavorable dangerous behaviors in the bud, and it is the guarantee and key of “middle” defense . The “middle” defense is mainly the defense of the rescue work site, and the rescue commanders are required to follow the rescue process. In response to changes in the rescue situation, timely adjustment of defense strategies, and timely initiation of corresponding defenses in the face of emergencies can be the timely defense of risk factors to achieve safe rescue ; “After” defense refers to a period of time after the end of the rescue, in particular In the short period of time after the end of the rescue, we must not relax our vigilance. If we do not defend it, we will incur an attack. We must defend the unfavorable speech of the rescue plan and must defend the rescue results. Whether it is the active participation in the formulation of the plan or the acceptance of tasks and the implementation of the assigned dangerous tasks, if the thinking process is clear in the process of defense, is well-informed, resourceful and flexible, and measures are effective, it will be able to adapt to the crisis, resolve the crisis, and prevent Not yet.

The emergency rescue self-defense begins with its theoretical concept, expounds its important role in mine emergency response, analyzes the major risk factors it faces, the need for safety awareness, enumerates the necessary rescue lines and various safeguard measures. It should be equipped with rescue equipment . In particular, the actual application of self-defense for emergency rescue needs to start with a new and unique self-defense perspective, taking the “security pass” in its own defense as the key entry point, focusing on multiple scenes, multiple scenarios, and multiple positions The process of self-defense is automatically guided. The smart zoom lens is close to the various scenes of the emergency rescue itself, shuttles through three-dimensional, four-dimensional, five-dimensional and other multi-dimensional space-time scenes, and performs a full range of scanning, key parts of the Anatomical and in-depth analysis using description methods such as event descriptions, event reviews, character dialogues, inner descriptions, thoughts, and scenarios, etc. Through speech defense, ideological defense, program defense, measure defense, equipment defense, defense defense, data defense Analysis of the specific applications of defense methods such as offensive, defensive and defensive, and alert defense in emergency rescue, presenting the methods, techniques, tactics, tactics, and equipment of their own methods of defense actual use as a protective barrier to defend their own safety during emergency rescue work. And practical weapons to make ambulance fighter and men in emergency rescue War can learn and use, handy, proper protection, invincible, independent security.

3.2 Mine emergency rescue own defense technology and equipment

In terms of personal protective equipment, oxygen respirator is regarded as the “second life” of the mine rescue team and is the first life guarantee for mine rescue commanders. There are two types of oxygen respirator : positive pressure oxygen respirator and negative pressure oxygen respirator. The positive pressure oxygen respirator has advantages over negative pressure respirator in terms of comfort and safety factor. In the early stages of the rescue team in our country, mainly negative pressure oxygen respirator was used. In the 21st century, the respirator used by the national mine rescue team was gradually replaced with a positive pressure respirator from a negative pressure oxygen respirator.

At present, the mainstream positive pressure oxygen respirator brand models and pictures on the market are as follows:

Sperian SCBA105M positive pressure air respirator

US imports PosiChek3 air respirator detector, respirator calibrator

HYZ4 4-hour positive pressure oxygen breathing apparatus

At present, the respirator mainly suffers from problems such as fogging of the mask, inconvenient telephone conversation, and inconvenient interfaces of the vulnerable components. In the aspect of protective battle suits, the current disaster-warning protective clothing has poor thermal insulation performance in extremely high and low temperature environments. The existing cooling vests are too heavy to wear comfortably and the combat suits do not have the ability to resist or buffer the impact of blasts. .

The detection and detection equipment in the disaster area is the “eye” of the mine rescue team. However, the digital portable detection equipment currently used by the rescue team is relatively old and has many shortcomings. For example, in the disaster area where the oxygen concentration is too low, the instrument is tested. It is inaccurate ; the portable gas explosiveness tester has low accuracy, short life, and difficulty in pattern correction ; the portable gas chromatograph has accurate and reliable detection results, but it cannot meet the requirements for entry into the well in terms of explosion-proof rating. In addition, these portable detection instruments need to be used in close proximity, which increases the danger of the mine rescue team. Although the laser methane telemeter can be advanced 100m Detection, but currently also due to explosion-proof grade problems, can not be applied to the detection of methane concentration in coal mines.

In the past two years, a long-distance launch environment detection system has been developed abroad and has been equipped with some mine rescue teams, which can achieve an environmental surpassing 50m in the disaster area. Detection, but the detection of the sensor launch position control is difficult, a single measuring point, data drift. In order to achieve long-range detection of the environment of coal mines in the disaster-stricken area, domestic research on rescue robots in mining disaster areas began in 2006. The earliest research institutes were China University of Mining and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Kaicheng Group, and China Coal Science and Technology Corporation. Group Chongqing Research Institute. However, the detection robots in disaster-stricken areas have problems such as poor ability to overcome obstacles, heavy weight, poor portability, and low accuracy of positioning and autonomous navigation technologies. The downhole applicability needs to be improved. China Coal Science and Technology Group Chongqing Research Institute has been developing intelligent detection vehicles in the disaster area since 2010. However, because of the large operating current, the explosion-proof intrinsic safety needs to be broken. At present, the aircraft still has self-adaptive, self-adjusting, autonomous navigation energy difference and small load. problem.

Communication in the disaster-stricken area is an indispensable key link for realizing rapid and efficient rescue. It is an effective means for realizing timely communication, communication and information transmission between the underground rescue site and the ground base. It is considered to be the second guarantee for the life of rescue commanders. The communication equipment in the disaster area mainly includes wired communication and wireless communication. The wired communication equipment is divided into acoustic energy and telephone .

Currently, communications in the affected areas, the problems include: â‘  high demand complex emergency rescue site communications frequency resources between different communications equipment and emergency command and communication management system communication standards and communication patterns are not the same; â‘¡ original mine when the communication system vulnerable to disasters damage, heavy wire communications, long-distance optical fiber communication is subject to a limited rescue personnel can carry a communication cable length is difficult to achieve; â‘¢ rescue communication terminal no special features waterproof, explosion-proof, high temperature; â‘£ emergency The communication equipment such as walkie-talkie used in the rescue scene has fewer functions, fixed inconvenience, no ad hoc network function, low transmission power, short communication distance, and weak anti-interference ability ; 5 Wired communication systems and wireless communication systems cannot integrate themselves, wireless networks The node equipment has a short communication distance, weak anti-interference ability, low sensitivity, and short life time . 6 The existing mine flameproof or flameproof and intrinsically safe ground-penetrating communication systems have poor portability, safety, and reliability.

In mine fire disposal, fire zone closure, gas discharge, and roof treatment, at present, there is a lack of fundamental research on the relationship between the location of fire source, combustion characteristics of fire source, combustibles and personnel distribution in coal mine underground fire accidents, and fuel inert gas fire extinguishing devices. , Liquid carbon dioxide fire extinguishing devices and other large-scale fire extinguishing devices and other large-scale firefighting and rescue complete sets of underground firefighting and rescue research are not sufficient. The existing underground fire zone closed and unsealed methods are inefficient, time-consuming, and dangerous. Existing underground explosion-proof toxic and harmful gas intelligent exhaust system and downhole Lack of effective linkage control between ventilation and wind control facilities such as dampers and local fans. The real-time information of top plate activity and ground pressure change is difficult to obtain. Most of the equipments for underground demolition and support and protection do not have inspection reports of metal and non-metal materials issued by the National Mine Equipment Testing and Inspection Center, and it is difficult to ensure safety. In terms of emergency rescue training and drills, the traditional training methods have a single training method for the ambulance crews and rescue commanders in terms of large-scale rescue equipment operations, medical rescue knowledge, multi-person cooperation capabilities, and decision-making command capabilities, teaching tradition, and limited effectiveness. It is difficult to extract the elements of the incident scenario, virtual simulation and physical simulation are low in disaster scenario simulation, the three-dimensional virtual drill scenario is not real enough, and the immersive sense is not strong. The training and training system is informatized and the degree of intelligence is low. The performance evaluation system for drills is not scientific enough.

4 Development Trends and Suggestions

In the mine emergency rescue, in order to build a last-minute safety barrier for its own defense, the rescue personnel are added an important layer of their own security guarantees, and the “enemies” that threaten the safety of the rescue personnel’s own safety, such as illegal command and illegal operations, are in the bud stage. It is necessary to strengthen the research and promotion of practical technologies and rescue equipment for mine emergency rescue and to promote the application of research results in the daily training exercises and rescue operations of rescue teams, and to improve the self-defense capabilities of rescue personnel as soon as possible, so that rescue personnel can be firmly established. Establish their own defense awareness, master their own defense methods, and can actively apply their own defense technology, so as to effectively protect the safety of rescue workers. The promotion and application of practical technologies for self-defense of emergency rescue can be promoted by professional books, senior experts actively participate in improvement, professional training classes are actively taught and promoted, and simulations of accidents are prepared for self-defense scenarios of emergency rescue, and relevant « mine rescue procedures » (AQ1008 - 2007) Regulations and other methods to actively promote and apply. In order to achieve a comprehensive awareness of the rescue and emergency personnel's emergency rescue and self-defense, and to improve the capability of rescue personnel and their own defenses in an emergency, most commanders and combat personnel, especially rescue commanders, can actively carry out emergency rescue and self-defense when they are aware of the danger of rescue. , The security risk defense is in its infancy.

Specific measures are proposed as follows :

4.1 Promote the transformation of the concept of emergency rescue and improve the self-defense awareness of rescue workers

It is particularly important to cultivate the self-defense awareness of rescue workers. If there is a lack of self-defense awareness, they will not be able to conduct their own defenses in the face of dangerous hazards. In the same way, it is also necessary to master the necessary self-defense methods. Only with reasonable defense can the important role of self-defense be fully realized.

4.2 Improve Emergency Rescue Self-Defense Theory

Emergency rescue self-defense theory is a theoretical system newly developed for rescue safety practice. First of all, it is necessary to get the knowledge, acceptance, and mastery of rescue commanders in the emergency rescue industry. Professional journals and professional books must gradually improve their theoretical system. The active participation of colleagues, experts, scholars, and rescue personnel has been discussed and improved.

4.3 Rules and Regulations Make Related Provisions, Defend More Effectively and Effectively According to Law

Related << mine rescue procedures >> mine rescue (AQ1008 - 2007), «Bill» should be incorporated into the emergency rescue their defense which, to clarify its responsibilities and obligations as rescue officers and men of learning to master the laws and regulations, so that the law can be more effective self-defense To ensure the safety of rescue workers.

4.4 Encourage R&D and Promotion of Advanced Mine Rescue Equipment and Equipment

Research and promote the wearing of comfortable personal protective equipment to improve the ability of protective equipment to resist high temperature and blast shocks ; research and popularize long-distance detection equipment for disaster areas with strong applicability ; research and promote underground long-distance fire extinguishing systems and underground fire extinguishing robots , Remote-controlled intelligent airtight and re-encapsulation equipment ; improve the mine emergency rescue platform, enhance the platform's reliability and intelligent decision-making capabilities, and promote the promotion and application of mine emergency rescue platform. These are the equipment guarantees and effective means for improving the self-defense of emergency rescue.

4.5 Improve the self-defense capability of rescue workers through exchanges, training and drills

Each year, training courses for qualification certificates of mine rescue teams, training courses for commanders of medium and small teams organized by provincial rescue centers, and training courses for commanders of large squadrons organized by the National Bureau Rescue Center are all excellent platforms for exchanges and training. The face-to-face teaching exchanges in the class make it easier for everyone to grasp and master. 2014-2015 years has been more than 20 commanders of the following exchanges squad training courses, conducted a special lecture at the four big national training squadron commander Bureau, and each time we are very interested in teaching. When the rescue team is carrying out emergency drills, they can incorporate their own defenses into the emergency rescue. For rescue commanders, they can incorporate their own defenses into the tabletop deductions of the scenario cases, and improve the commanders' response to the incident from the mine. Leadership, superior leadership, and other aspects of illegal command of their own defense capabilities.

4.6 Responsibility for active defense is more important than Mount Tai, and its own defense can be safe and effective.

The illegal command, illegal operation and unpredictable hidden dangers in emergency rescue are absolutely impossible to completely eliminate, exist, and exist in the future. The risk factors in emergency rescue can never be eliminated. To achieve safe rescue and avoid the occurrence of self-injury accidents, it is indispensable that the emergency rescue itself is indispensable. This is an important responsibility that every rescuer cannot afford to shirk. It is also the responsibility of the rescuer who is more important than Taishan. It is only when he knows the danger of rescue. Actively carry out emergency self-defense in order to complete the emergency rescue mission safely and effectively.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.