First Aid Handbook (1) General Techniques Section 1-4

Chapter 1 General Technology

Section 1 Emergency Management Points

Emergency situations range from small events such as finger-scratching or toe-to-toe injuries to major accidents such as traffic accidents, resulting in many life-threatening conditions for many injured people. But there are some basic principles that apply to almost all first aid.

Stay calm and calm

At all times, you should think as rationally as you can, and be calm and calm, and do not behave radically at the same time. Some people panic unnecessarily, screaming or running around, not only do nothing to help the wounded, but make the situation even worse.

The possibility of infection - will you be infected ?

When you first aid, especially when you come in contact with blood or body fluids, you may be infected with a serious disease such as hepatitis or AIDS. Usually this danger is very small. In any case, you should make a trade-off between being rescued and possibly infected. However, if you take the first aid to the patient, you may save the patient's life.

In most regions, people like the AIDS patients in the general population are very rare. You may know the wounded way of life so you will have the ability to estimate the likelihood of an infection. If you are strangers or unfamiliar places, the situation may not be very clear.

Professional medical staff have learned how to use masks, gloves and the corresponding equipment, so as to minimize the possibility of infection. If there are such devices on site, they should be used according to standard methods and follow the advice of professionals.

Comprehensively assess the situation

How many people were injured ?

Who is the most serious ?

Compared with people who are quiet or unconscious, the most powerful people in the world may be the ones who do not need care. Are there potential threats such as fire and explosion ?

Temporary diagnosis

This means that you should try your best to diagnose the patient's injury or illness. Sometimes the diagnosis is quite obvious, such as head trauma, and sometimes it is not obvious, such as syncope or finding someone unconscious.

Simple handling

Use existing instruments for proper care and treatment for a limited time. The measures taken vary from accompany the patient and comfort him to stop bleeding. Be aware that the patient may have more than one trauma, so he should first deal with the most serious one.

Ask for help

As soon as possible for an opportunity to seek help or call medical staff. The fastest way is usually to call the emergency center. You should ask the onlookers for help when necessary, and if there are no people around you, you must first take some life-saving measures before getting help.

Section II First Aid Safety Points

When carrying out any first aid, you should consider the dangers of the surrounding environment. This includes your initial assessment of the situation and taking necessary measures to minimize these risk factors. At the same time, you must be careful to avoid accidents.

Traffic accident

Make sure that the driving vehicle does not cause any danger, and let others direct traffic. Park your car in a place that can protect the injured from traffic. Turn on the dangerous situation flash signal light, place a triangular warning signal sign, and warn in advance. vehicle. The torch should be swung back and forth in the dark.

electric shock

If you are experiencing electric shock, do not tamper with the injured person to avoid harming yourself. The correct method is to cut off the power supply or remove the patient with an insulating material ( wood, plastic, thick cotton fabric ) to injure the patient. Keep away from live parts.

Fire and house collapse

If the injured person is in a place where danger is imminent, he or she should be immediately moved to a safe place and let others call the police. Be aware of signs that other buildings may have collapsed such as cracks or creaking.

Gas or toxic smoke

If possible, cut off the gas supply, or close the gas transmission pipe and its outlet, and move the injured person to a place with fresh air, or open the doors and windows for ventilation. ( Be careful not to cause an open flame due to the wind )

flood

If someone is in trouble, especially in turbulent water, or in a big wave or tide, look for lifebuoys or ropes, but watch out for rapids. Before you intend to save people, you should believe in your abilities and get support and assistance from others before you save people.

Did all the injured find it ?

In the event of an accident, such as a traffic accident, the injured person may be thrown far away or attempting to get up. At this time, he or she should ask everyone if all the wounded have been found.

Section III clear diagnosis points

In some first aids, the diagnosis of the patient is quite simple, but in other cases it is difficult to make a diagnosis. Maybe you are not at the scene of the accident, maybe someone has pain of unknown cause.

Experienced first-aid providers usually perform the four steps quickly, but methodically. The four steps are to ask for a history of injuries, symptoms ( wakefulness ) , signs that the emergency responder has noticed, and an examination of the injured.

Through these four steps, you will make a reasonable diagnosis. If there are doubts, first assume the worst case and deal with it accordingly.

Level of consciousness

Level 1 patients can be heard normally and can answer questions or do as required.

Secondary patients can only answer direct questions, or they may answer questions that are confusing or ambiguous.

Grade 3 patients have difficulty in understanding or answering questions.

The fourth-grade patient had normal hearing and could perform direct orders but could not talk or explain.

The fifth-grade patients showed lethargy and only responded to pain, such as pinching and clamping.

Sixth-grade patients did not respond and were in a coma.

Medical history

"Can you tell me what's going on ? " Through this question, we can understand the occurrence and development of things. If the injured person is awake and can answer, he should be asked this question directly, but do not panic the wounded. You can also ask surrounding people or witnesses for more information.

At the same time, it should also take into account possible illnesses such as diabetes, epilepsy, asthma or angina pectoris. If possible, look for containers, vials or blood stains on the site to make the situation clearer.

symptom

“Where is it uncomfortable ? ” “Symptoms are the feelings and experiences of the patient, including pain, numbness, paralysis, loss of consciousness, dizziness, discomfort ( nausea ) and trembling, convulsions, and so on. Try to remember these symptoms as much as possible when the medical staff arrives. If the patient is in a coma or unable to describe the symptoms, you should guess the cause on your own.

Signs

"What do I see ? " Physical signs are the features of the wounded that the first-aid person noticed. They use their own feelings--visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile perception. It should be clear which level of response the injured person is at.

Check the victim's breathing and pulse to see if there is any serious bleeding or loss of body fluids . Compare with the contralateral side to observe whether the body is swollen or deformed . Some signs are obvious, but some must be carefully examined to find out.

an examination

"What can I check ? " The routine examination should be carried out quickly, starting from the trunk to the calf and the foot. Check your breath and see if the airway is open. Then check your pulse, check your eyes, nose, and ears for trauma, major bleeding, or fluid loss. Whether the face is flushed, pale or cyanotic. Examine neck, chest, arms, abdomen and lower limbs carefully and cautiously to see if there is any obvious trauma, swelling or deformity. Sometimes necklaces or bracelets can suggest something.

Section 4 Handling and Handling Points

If the wounded is only slightly traumatized, it can be transported by car to hospitals, medical centers or related institutions. When the situation is serious, first aid should strive to save lives and stabilize the injured. If the medical staff is on the way, it is best to move or move the patient as little as possible to make him or her comfortable, pay attention to changes in circumstances, and wait for medical personnel to arrive. Professional medical personnel can use certain equipment to safely transfer patients.

If the reality requires that the patient must be moved, then the basic principles on the next page should be followed. Keeping this in mind, the person's body is very heavy. In particular, the patient in a coma may be heavier, and it seems that his body weight is twice as normal.

note

If you have a seriously injured person, especially in the neck or back, do not move or transport him. Unless there are life-threatening conditions such as fire, smoke, poisonous gas or buildings that are about to collapse. People who move seriously injured may worsen the condition, and a movement or changing the position of the injured person may cause further damage, such as expanding the wound, increasing bleeding or damaging the nerves.

Organization of human resources

Find as many people as possible to help. The most experienced man is selected as the leader. He directs and formulates first-aid measures at all stages to make the entire emergency methodical.

Fixed wound

Make sure that the wound is bandaged so that it can reduce the impact on the wound when transferring the wounded.

Using peripheral equipment

There are many ways to move and move the wounded, such as firefighters lifting them, raising them with their arms, or using baskets. If there is no stretcher around you, you can use the chairs, doors, coats, blankets, cotton cloth and other items to quickly prepare for urgent needs. But first, try to make sure that these things can bear the weight of the wounded and avoid further damage caused by breakage.

Stability side position

A patient who has lost consciousness, as long as there is no risk of injury to the neck and/or back, should take a stable lateral position ( ie, a recumbent or coma decubitus position ).

Supine patient, arms raised "to take a surrender posture"

Patients with loss of consciousness may be blocked by sputum or vomit, or they may be in danger of rolling over. Placing the patient in a stable lateral position reduces these risks. To do this, first make sure that the patient's neck and/or back are not at risk of injury, and then gently and smoothly move the patient and lay his or her back flat with his or her hands or apron to avoid accidental injuries. Straighten the patient's legs and separate the two legs slightly. Place the arms on top of the head and the palms of the two hands face upwards. Remove the keys and other hard objects in the patient's pocket.

Bend the right knee of the patient

On the left side of the patient, bend the patient's right knee, place his right foot under the left knee, and lean the right tibia on his left leg. Hold your patient's right knee with your left hand.

Hold the patient's right hand tightly with your right hand

Extend your right hand to hold the patient's right hand, ring your thumb, lock the patient's thumb, and grasp firmly .

Hold the patient's right knee with his left hand

Pull the patient's right arm over his chest on the left shoulder. You move your back and stabilize yourself, ready to turn the patient's body to your side.

Turn patient to left lateral position

Use your right hand to pull the patient's right knee and your right hand to pull the patient's right arm so that the patient's body turns toward you. If possible, ask someone else to help you complete this operation and carry your head to avoid injury when you turn sideways. The patient should not be turned to the right, but he or she should be left lying.

Pull out the patient's right upper and right leg and hold it on the ground

The patient's right arm extends laterally and forms an elevation angle with the forearm so that the forearm can reach the lower jaw and the hand can be higher than the head. Move the patient's right lower leg so that both the hip and knee joints are slightly bent, just placing the right heel in front of the left knee.

Tilt the patient's head so that the sputum or vomit

The vomits flow outwards and prevent the airway from obstructing. The patient's head is slightly lowered and retreated, so as to keep the airway open, and the tongue cannot fall backwards and block the throat. The patient is finally placed in a stable lateral position, ie in the left lateral position, and the right and right legs are extended forward to prevent the body from moving backwards or forwards. Taking a lateral position allows any fluid or vomit in the mouth to flow through the mouth without being sucked into the throat.

Should check the patient regularly

Ensure that the patient is safe and warm. Every 2 to 3 minutes, check the patient's condition. And wait for medical professionals to come to the rescue.

Easy ice pack production

Pour water into a container containing ice cubes. The purpose is to round the corners of ice cubes. Place the ice cubes in a solid plastic bag ( about three layers ) . After the air is discharged, fasten the plastic bag. Wipe the vapor on the surface of the plastic bag and wrap it with gauze or bandanna. Place the towel on the damaged area and cool it with ice packs.

Bandage dressing method

Wrap the hands, feet, and fingers with a piece of gauze or a clean cloth that is larger than the area of ​​the wound and put it on the wound. Slightly lean the end of the bandage and wind a few turns around the area. Wrap it with a bandage.

Cut the bandage, set aside a length, use a pin, or fasten the ends of the bandage.

Wrap foot joint or heel wound

Place a piece of gauze or a clean cloth that is larger than the area of ​​the wound on the wound. Slightly taper the end of the bandage and wrap it a few times. Do not allow the gauze to move when it is wrapped. The bandages from the tip of the toes to the ankles to the tip of the toes are wrapped around the bandages and interlocked in an eight- character shape as shown .

Cut the bandage, set aside a length, use a pin, or fasten the ends of the bandage.

Triangle towel use method

For head wounds

Place the center of the bottom of the triangle towel on the forehead so that the bandage is above the eye. The two ends of the triangle towel cross each other at the back of the head and wrap around to the forehead to tie the knot. Plunge the vertex portion of the triangle towel hanging from the back of the head into the intersection.

For arm wounds

When the bandage is placed, the bottom is perpendicular to the curved arm, and one end of the upward-facing bandage rests on the opposite side of the injured arm. Triangle

The towel is folded in half from the middle, wraps the injured arm, and the folded-up end rests on the wounded shoulder. Then, both ends of the bandage are knotted on the back of the neck.

Fold out the apex of the bandage that is exposed at the elbow and use a pin to stop it. In addition, in order to facilitate the observation of the blood circulation of the injured limb, the injured person's fingertips should be exposed when using the bandage.

First aid substitute tips

When there is no gauze and gauze

Use a bandana instead. However, an unclean handkerchief can cause secondary wound infection due to the entry of bacteria. If possible, sterilize the bandanna on a fire. The bandages and gauze that are applied to the wound are meaningful because they can be used for sterilization.

Wash water substitutes

Sometimes want to wash away the mud of the wound, it is difficult to find water outside. Dirty river water and seawater may cause secondary infections. If you have tap water in the kettle, you can use it. When the water outside the user is unavoidable, a spring with less water should be selected.

Substitutes for splints

Fractures require splints to fix the affected area. The branches can be folded into suitable lengths. However, fine branches and fragile branches are not suitable for use. In addition, umbrellas, tent brackets and other outdoor appliances can be considered.

Bandages and tourniquet substitutes

Fine hemp ropes, stretch straps on backpacks, strapping bags for luggage, etc. can replace bandages and tourniquets. But pay attention to the fixed end and do not over-tighten. Because when the tape is very thin, if it is tightly wrapped, it will hinder blood circulation.

Prepare emergency supplies for use

Detox syringe-shaped, no needle, can suck out the venom. It's best to go to places with lots of bugs.

Emergency bed sheets

Sheets made of aluminum foil, in very condition, are wrapped around the body and heat is not emitted, preventing the body temperature from falling. The weight of this bed sheet is about 50 grams , which is suitable for carrying.

Whistle

Especially when traveling alone, be sure to bring it in order to call for help.

Portable oxygen absorber

There are relatively inexpensive tubular oxygen absorbers. Water's sanitizers, bactericidal filters not only require drinking water to be sterilized, but also sterilizes water.

Common handling methods

To rescue a person who is fainted or injured, in principle, try not to move and rescue on the spot. If the site is dangerous or not suitable for first aid, it is necessary to move the patient. It is advisable for more than one person to participate in moving the patient. If a person moves the patient, the patient is forced to complete difficult-to-complete postures that may aggravate the condition or injury.

Ideal for placing patients on a stretcher or door

If there is no stretcher or substitute, as shown in the figure on the left, the three persons can carry the patient's head, waist, and leg, keeping the patient in the original position and gently moving. When moving, care should be taken not to twist the patient's neck and body. Do not touch the injured area. Do not bind the patient's body.

There are blankets sheets, when moving more than seven people

Can make a stretcher to move patients. Should pay attention to the level of movement, do not twist the patient's neck and body, do not touch the injured area.

When it has to be moved by two people

The two people's wrists can be held together with each other, allowing the patient to sit on it while allowing the patient's arm to move slightly on the shoulders of the moving person.

When it has to be moved by one person

Moving people can stretch their hands from the patient's back to their armpits, hold one of the patient's arms, and gently move. Be careful not to twist the patient's neck and back. If the patient's wrist does not have a fracture, he can grasp both arms and move it away.