Research papers by scientists at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials are published in the latest issue of Nature Nanotechnology. Scientists have discovered a new way to obtain solar energy. Although still in its infancy, the study gives new hope to the use of metallic materials to convert sunlight into energy because metal materials are more rigid than those used in traditional processes. In conventional optical processing, this technology has been developed and used for a hundred years. When light comes into contact with the surface of a semiconductor material, electrons are abundant on one side and not on the other. Photons (or light particles) activate electrons, leaving them in their original position and creating positively charged "holes." The result is that these charged particle streams can be captured and can have a variety of uses, such as lamp power, battery charging, or chemical reactions. Moskovits said: "For example, electrons can produce hydrogen ions in water and then convert hydrogen and fuel. At the same time, the formed 'holes' produce oxygen." In the technology developed by Moskovits and his team, it is not semiconductor materials that supply electrons and places that convert light into solar energy, but nanostructured metals—more specifically, the “forests†of gold nanorods. In this experiment, gold nanorods were topped with a layer of crystalline titanium dioxide decorated with platinum nanoparticles and placed in water. The cobalt-based oxidation catalyst is deposited in the lower part of the array. Moskovits said: "When nanostructures of certain metals such as nanorods are exposed to visible light, metal-conducting electrons can collectively oscillate and absorb a large amount of solar rays. This excitation process is called surface plasmon." As the "hot" electrons in the plasma wave are excited by the light particles, some of the electrons pass through the crystalline silicon dioxide layer and are subsequently trapped by the platinum particles, thereby facilitating the separation of the hydrogen ions from the water molecule bonds. At the same time, the "holes" left by the activated electrons develop toward the cobalt-based catalyst in the lower part of the nanorods to form oxygen. According to the study, oxygen production was clearly observed after two hours. In addition, nanorods are not subject to photo-etching. It should be noted that photo-corrosion often causes conventional semiconductor materials to fall off in a matter of minutes. Moskovits said: "This equipment has been running for several weeks and there is nothing wrong with it." Moskovits believes that at present, the plasma method for splitting water molecules is still not as efficient as conventional optical processing technologies and is more costly. However, continuous research is expected to improve the cost and efficiency of the new method, and it is very likely that the time spent in the future will be lower than the technology using semiconductor materials. This technology deserves our expectation. He said: “Although this new method was discovered shortly, we have achieved 'respectable' efficiency. More importantly, we believe that this program can become a realizable strategy for achieving efficiency improvement.†Translator: Krystal
Bolt is a kind of fastener which consists of head and screw (cylindrical body with external thread) . It should be used with nut for fastening two parts with through hole, an Anchorage Assembly that anchors the connector to a hardened concrete substrate.
Because the bolt is also a kind of railway accessories, railway accessories is a part of the railway line, here refers to the track including steel rails, sleepers, connecting parts, bed, anti-climbing equipment, rail support and turnout, etc. . As a whole engineering structure, the track laid on the roadbed plays a guiding role in train operation and bears the huge pressure of the locomotive and its load directly. Under the dynamic action of the train, its components must have enough strength and stability to ensure the train to run safely, smoothly and continuously in accordance with the prescribed maximum speed. Main classifications are general and hinged according to the manner in which the joints are loaded. The ordinary main load bearing axial force, but also can bear the lateral load demand is not high. Bolts for reaming holes shall be fitted to the hole dimensions and shall be used when subjected to lateral forces. According to the shape of the head is divided into hexagon head, round head, square head, heavy head and so on. The hexagonal head is the most commonly used. The countersunk head is usually used where a smooth, raised surface is required after joining, because the countersunk head can be screwed into the part. The round head can also be screwed into the part. The tightening force of the square head can be greater, but the size is very large. In addition, in order to meet the needs of locking after installation, there are holes in the head, rod hole, these holes can make the bolt vibration not loose. Some bolts do not thread bare rod to do fine, called fine waist bolt. This bolt is advantageous to the connection subjected to variable forces. There are special high-strength bolts on the steel structure, the head will be bigger and the size will change. Also has the special use: T-slot Bolt, the machine tool fixture with the most, special shape, the head of both sides to be cut off. Anchor Bolts, used for machine and ground connection and fixation, come in a variety of shapes. U-BOLTS, as described above. Wait a minute. There are special welding stud, one end has a thread, one end is not, can be welded on the parts, the other side directly screw nut. The U-BOLT is a non-standard part. It is also called U-bolt because of its u-shaped shape. The two ends of the bolt can be combined with a nut. It is mainly used to fix the leaf spring of a tubular object such as a water pipe or a piece of material such as a car, it is called a riding bolt because it fastens the object in the same way that a man rides a horse.
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